Great Pyramid of Giza construction may have used an edge-integrated ramp.

A study published in npj Heritage Science by Vicente Luis Rosell Roig proposes an Integrated Edge-Ramp model for Khufu's pyramid and offers testable predictions such as edge-fill signatures and corner wear.

A recent study offers a data-driven proposal for how the Great Pyramid of Giza was built. Vicente Luis Rosell Roig, a computer scientist, published the work last month in npj Heritage Science. He models an Integrated Edge-Ramp (IER) system in which builders left sections of outer stone courses open to form a helical, upward path along the pyramid sides. Roig frames the model with Old Kingdom technology constraints and computational tests. Key findings: - The study proposes an edge-integrated, multi-ramp model formed by omitting and backfilling perimeter courses. - Roig encoded constraints such as ramp slope, lane width/clearance, friction, and dispatch headway to fit a 20–27-year construction window. - The model is described as reconciling throughput and survey access while leaving no visible ramp footprint. - The IER produces falsifiable predictions, including edge-fill signatures and corner wear. - The paper includes open data and code and evaluates structural plausibility under staged finite-element analysis assumptions. Summary: The paper presents a testable, computational account consistent with the evidence considered for Khufu's construction. Undetermined at this time.